The Ninth Circuit has determined that aiding and abetting Hobbs Act robbery is a crime of violence because aiding and abetting is simply a form of accomplice liability and does not change that the statute involves the actual or threatened use of violent force.

The full text of United States v. Eckford can be found here: https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2023/08/15/17-50167.pdf

Comment